Plants colonial; rhizomes long-creeping. Culms central, slender, trigonous, 25-65 cm, ± scabrous-angled. Leaves: basal sheaths reddish purple, apex of inner band finely ciliate; ligules 0.7-1.9 mm; blades green, M-shaped, not septate-nodulose, 1.6-3.5(-4) mm wide, smooth abaxially, glabrous or, sometimes, lightly pubescent on apex of inner band of distal sheaths. Inflorescences 6-20 cm; rachis beyond proximal pistillate spikes sharp-angled, finely scabrous; proximal (1-)2(-3) spikes pistillate, not or barely overlapping, ascending; distal spikes erect; terminal 1-3 spikes staminate. Pistillate scales ovate, apex acute to acuminate-awned, glabrous, scabrous-ciliate apically. Perigynia ascending, ca. 14-18-veined near base, veins impressed, broadly ovoid, (4-)4.5-6.5 × 1.9-3.5 mm, dull, glabrous; beak 0.9-1.3 mm, bidentulate, teeth straight, 0.5-0.8 mm. Fruiting May-Jun. Ruderal in moist to wet roadside ditches and waste areas; 100-300 m; introduced; Kans., Nebr., Okla.; Eurasia. Carex melanostachya is a rare introduction from Eurasia, first discovered in the flora in Kansas in 1964 (R. L. McGregor et al. 1972). A previous report, as C. nutans Host, from the Montreal area is based on sterile specimens suspected to be of hybrid origin (J. Cayouette and P. M. Catling 1992). A similar taxon, C. songorica subsp. gotoi (Ohwi) Popov [C. gotoi Ohwi] was found once as a waif in Yonkers, New York, in 1895. It differs from C. melanostachya in having perigynia that are shorter, only 3-4 mm, shiny, purplish, and have raised veins.