Pistillate scales 2.5-4.1 × 1.2-1.6(-2) mm, apex usually acuminate, sometimes awned, equaling or shorter than perigynia. Perigynia 2.8-3.8 × 1.2-2.6 mm; beak 0.5-2.3 mm, apical teeth 0.1-0.3 mm. 2n = 28. Fruiting late Apr-late Jun. Poor to rich, well-drained soils of dry to moist woods and clearings, in partial shade of deciduous and mixed deciduous-coniferous forests, crevices and ledges of bluffs, slopes; 50-1000 m; N.B., Nfld. and Labr., N.S., Ont., Que.; Ark., Conn., Del., Ill., Ind., Ky., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Mo., N.H., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Pa., R.I., Tenn., Vt., Va., W.Va., Wis.